The majority in Iraq identify as Shia or Sunni Muslims. But Iraq has rich ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity, including Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Sabean Mandeans, Bahá’ís and various Christian denominations.
The country also has a Jewish heritage, going back to ancient times. This diversity is visible in ancient holy sites across the country, such as in Erbil, Alqosh, Amediya, Lalesh and other places.
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Department of Justice and Constitutional Development South Africa. (2000). Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act.
https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2000-004.pdf
Department of Justice and Constitutional Development South Africa. (2018). Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill.
https://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/hcbill/B9-2018-HateCrimesBill.pdf
OHCHR. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. OHCHR.
Parliamentary Monitoring Group. (2023). Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill (B9-2018) https://pmg.org.za/bill/779/
Republic of South Africa. (2022). AfriForum v Economic Freedom Fighters and Others. Republic of South Africa
https://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPJHC/2022/599.html?
South Africa. (1996). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. https://www.justice.gov.za/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng.pdf
United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights#:~:text=Article%2018,-1.&text=practice%20and%20teaching.-,2.,or%20belief%20of%20his%20choice.
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Additional Resources
For more information on Iraq and its religious diversity, explore our Iraq case study page.
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